Solution:

The addition of nickel to copper improves strength and corrosion resistance while allowing the alloy to remain ductile.

Solution:

Stainless steel is an alloy of Iron with a minimum of 10.5% Chromium.
Chromium produces a thin layer of oxide on the surface of the steel known as the 'passive layer'.
This prevents any further corrosion of the surface.
Increasing the amount of Chromium gives an increased resistance to corrosion.

Solution:

The effects of Vanadium refines grain size, increases hardenability, fracture toughness, and resistance to shock loading. Softening at high temperatures, fatigue stress and wear resistance are improved. At greater than 0.05%, there may be a tendency for the steel to become embrittled during thermal stress relief treatments.
Vanadium is used in nitriding, heat resisting, tool and spring steels together with other alloying elements.

Solution:

The Strength of the material is defined as the quality or state of being physically strong, the capacity of an object or substance to withstand great force or pressure

Solution:

Anisotropy, is the property of being directionally dependent, which implies different properties in different directions, as opposed to isotropy.

Solution:

Induction hardening is a process used for the surface hardening of steel and other alloy components.
The parts to be heat treated are placed inside a water cooled copper coil and then heated above their transformation temperature by applying an alternating current to the coil.

Solution:

The face-centered cubic (fcc) has a coordination number of 12 and contains 4 atoms per unit cell.
The body-centered cubic (bcc) has a coordination number of 8 and contains 2 atoms per unit cell.
The simple cubic has a coordination number of 6 and contains 1 atom per unit cell