Solution:
Here, a specific book 'Vedas' is being talked about. 'The' article will be used.

Solution:
Here, 'mountains' is a specific class. Definite article 'the' will be used.

Solution:
'Bible' is a specific book. So, 'the' article will be used.

Solution:
In the blank, 'the' article will be used because 'Indus' is a specific river.

Solution:
In the given sentence, the name of a publisher is given. The 'name' of any such noun requires no article to be used.

Solution:
England is a country and we don't use an article before most countries (England being one of them).

Solution:
'The' is a definite article and is used before specific things/places. The sentence refers to the specific book that was lent.